Petitions for the grant of probate or letters of administration are conducted through prescribed Forms listed in the laws governing administration of deceased’s estates. There are eight Forms applicable in the primary court and 86 Forms in the High Court and district court. Applications and most orders of the court are designed to be effected through these Forms. The matrix below summarises necessary steps, relevant forms, supporting documents, enabling provisions of the law and their relevance in a petition for grant of probate or letters of administration. Compliance with the law will facilitate parties and the court to reach the end of justice timely and reasonably. The matrix focuses on the Probate and Administration of Estates Act, Cap. 352 and the Probate Rules GNs. 10, 107 and 369 of 1963.
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The concept of inheritance is universal to all societies irrespective of their cultural or historical background, ideology, religion or legal system.
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NATURE Petition for review on certiorari FACTS-Testator Neri indicated in his will that he was leaving all of his properties by universal title to his children by his second marriage with preterition of his children by his first marriage.-Eleuterio, Agripino, Agapita, Getulia, Rosario and Celerina are all Neri's children by his first marriage.-The trial court annulled the institution of the heirs and declared total intestacy.-The children by the second marriage filed a motion for reconsideration on the grounds that: 1) there is no preterition as to the children of the first marriage have received their shares in the property left by the testator 2) assuming that there has been a preterition, the effect would not be the annulment of the institution of heirs but simply the reduction of the bequest made to them.-The children by the second marriage anchor their argument on the concept of " heir " whose A814 definition is deemed repealed by that of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is maintained that the word "heredero" under the Civil Code, is not synonymous with the term "heir" under the Code of Civil Procedure, and that the "heir" under the latter Code is no longer personally liable for the debts of the deceased as was the "heredero" under the Civil Code ISSUES 1. WON there is preterition 2. WON there should be annulment of the institution of the heirs and open the estate to total intestacy HELD 1. YES, there is preterition-According to the court's findings, none of the children by the first marriage received their respective shares from the testator's property-Even if clause 8 of the will is invoked (said clause states that the children by his first marriage had already received their shares in his property excluding what he had given them as aid during their financial troubles and the money they had borrowed from him) the Court can rely only on the findings of the trial court that the inventory indicates that the property of Neri has remained intact and that no portion has been given to the children of the first marriage.-Neri left his property by universal title to the children by his second marriage and did not expressly disinherit his children by his first marriage but did not leave anything to them. This fits the case of preterition according to A814, CC which provides that the institution of heirs shall be annulled and intestate succession should be declared open. 2. YES-The word "heir" as used in A814 of the Civil Code may not have the meaning that it has under the Code of Civil Procedure, but this does prevent a bequest from being made by universal title as is in substance the subject-matter of A814 of the Civil Code.-It may also be true that heirs under the Code of Civil Procedure may receive the bequest only after payment of debts left by the deceased and not before as under the Civil Code, but this may have a bearing only upon the question as to when succession becomes effective and can in no way destroy the fact that succession may still be by universal or special title.-Since a bequest may still be made by universal title and with preterition of forced heirs, its nullity as provided in article 814 still applies there being nothing inconsistent with it in the Code of Civil Procedure. The basis for its nullity is the nature and effect of the bequest and not its possible name under the Code of Civil Procedure.-In addition, Secs. 755 and 756 of the Code of Civil Procedure affected A814 and A851 of the Civil Code. But these sections have been expressly repealed by Act No. 2141, thus restoring force to A814 and A851. OZAETA [concur]-Whether or not there was preterition of the testator's surviving children by his first marriage, may not be entirely beyond dispute, because it is not altogether improbable that, before the testator made his will said children of his had received cash advances from him. But, to my mind, there can be no doubt that there was preterition of the testator's grandchildren by his daughter Getulia, who died long before the testator made his will. These lineal descendants of the testator, who are also forced heirs of his, were completely ignored and omitted in the will.-In the absence of proof it cannot be presumed that the testator made the declarations in bad faith-that he made them knowing that it was not true that he had given each of his surviving children by his first wife at least an equal if not a greater share in his inheritance than what he left to each of his children by his second wife.-But if he had made those declarations in bad faith or as a subterfuge to deprive his children and grandchildren by his first marriage of their legal share in his inheritance, he could only have done so with the intention to frustrate their right. In that case the preterition would only assume a different form, voluntary instead of involuntary. But the result would be the same. BOCOBO [dissent]-There is no preterition because the findings of both the Court of First Instance and of the Court of Appeals show that all the children of the first marriage have received, in property and in cash, a part of their short legitime. One of the requisites of preterition is that one or some of the heirs of the direct line be totally deprived of their legitime.-The children of the first marriage not having been entirely forgotten, the will should be respected and carried out, but the children of the first marriage should have their respective shares in the strict legitime completed after taking into account the amounts already received by them from their father.-But granting that there was a preterition because one or some of the children of the first marriage never received, by donation inter vivos or by will, anything from their father, it is clear from the will in question that the children of the second marriage are entitled to the third for free disposal and to the third for mejora (in addition to their share in the strict legitime.-"Anulará la institución de heredero" does not mean that the whole will is of no effect. It merely nullifies the clause designating the children of the second marriage. As the only "herederos" or continuers of the testator's personality and in the place of such clause, article 814 orders that all the children, of both marriages, shall be such continuers of Neri's personality. This does not mean that all the children shall divide the whole estate equally, by the rules of intestacy. It simply signifies that the children of both marriages become continuers of Neri's personality, and as such liable personally for all of Neri's obligations, so that, under the system of the Spanish Civil Code, which distinguishes "herederos" from "legatarios," all the children are liable personally for the debts of their father, even beyond and in excess of the property received by each of them.
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